Native American Medicine

Openly licensed anthology focused on the theme of Native American medicine. Contains: Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians by Huron H. Smith; The Botanical Lore of the California Indians by John Bruno Romero; The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees by James Mooney; The Medicine-Men of the Apache by John Gregory Bourke; The Mide\u27wiwin or Grand Medicine Society of the Ojibwa by Walter James Hoffman

Impact of invasion and management of molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora) on the native vegetation of the Brazilian Savanna

No Brasil, várias espécies de gramíneas são citadas como invasoras em Unidades de Conservação. Contudo, ainda se conhece muito pouco sobre o impacto do estabelecimento e da colonização dessas espécies nas áreas protegidas. Entre as gramíneas exóticas introduzidas no bioma Cerrado merece destaque a espécie africana Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv., o capim-gordura. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o impacto desta invasora na biomassa e na riqueza da comunidade nativa em uma área de Cerrado Ralo invadido, como também estudar a dinâmica da vegetação do estrato rasteiro submetida à aplicação de diferentes técnicas de manejo para o controle do capim-gordura. Os resultados mostraram que, na área experimental, onde o capimgordura representa cerca 62% da biomassa total do estrato rasteiro, o número de espécies nativas encontradas foi alto. Nas áreas onde o capim-gordura apresentou alto índice de colonização (> 98%), sua biomassa alcançou cerca de duas vezes a biomassa do estrato rasteiro registrada para o Cerrado. A realização de uma queimada não foi suficiente para controlar o capim-gordura, porque após três anos a sua biomassa se aproximou aos valores encontrados inicialmente. Por outro lado, no tratamento manejo integrado (maio ou setembro) a redução de mais de 99,9% na sua presença favoreceu a expansão da vegetação nativa, configurando-se, assim, uma estratégia promissora para a recuperação ambiental das áreas invadidas pelo capim-gordura no Cerrado.In Brazil, several grass species are cited as invaders of protected areas. However, little is known about the impacts due to establishment and colonization of these species in protected areas in Brazil. Among the exotic grasses introduced into the Cerrado the African species Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv., molasses grass, deserves special mention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of this grass on the biomass and species richness of the native community in an area of invaded Cerrado as well as to study the dynamics of the vegetation of the ground layer after different management treatments for control of molasses grass. The results showed that in the experimental area, where molasses grass composed 62% of the total biomass of the ground layer, the number of native species was high. In the areas where molasses grass had a high degree of coverage (> 98%) its biomass was approximately two times higher than values cited in other studies in the Cerrado. Between three and four years after using fire as a management tool for control of molasses grass its biomass returned to values similar to those observed prior to this treatment. Contrarily, with an integrated management treatment (May or September) a reduction of 99.9% in the presence of molasses grass was observed along with a recovery of native vegetation, making this a promising strategy for recuperation of areas in the Cerrado that were invaded by molasses grass

Diagnosis, management, and follow-up of extensive dermoid cyst of the submental region

Dermoid cyst (DC) is a cystic lesion of developmental origin and uncertain etiology that rarely affects the floor of the mouth. We report a case of a large lesion found in the submental and submandibular region in a 25-year-old male patient. Computed tomography revealed extensive hypodense lesion in the submental and submandibular space without peripheral enhancement. The microscopical analysis showed a cystic cavity lined by orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The cystic capsule was composed of dense fibrous connective tissue containing cutaneous attachments, such as sebaceous and sweat glands. The diagnosis of DC was made. The differential diagnosis of expansive sublingual lesions can be clinically challenging due to the similarity with several lesions frequently observed in this region. Herein, we describe a case of extensive DC arising in the floor of the mouth, presenting clinical, imaging, and microscopical features

Generalized hereditary gingival fibromatosis in a child: clinical, histopathological and therapeutic aspects

Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) is a rare genetic condition characterized by slow and progressive gingival enlargement. The gingival overgrowth often delays teeth eruption and may cause serious functional and aesthetic problems. We reported a case of a 10-year-old female child presenting a generalized gingival enlargement covering almost all the maxillary and mandibular teeth and resulted in problems for swallowing, speaking, and poor aesthetics. An incisional biopsy was performed and revealed a hypocellular and hypovascular dense collagenous tissue covered by squamous epithelium exhibiting acanthosis and elongated rete ridges. The diagnosis was HGF. The treatment instituted was an association of gingivectomy with a rigorous program of oral hygiene and follow-up. Herein, we describe a rare non-syndromic case of generalized HGF, including clinical and microscopical features, as well as highlighting the importance of correct diagnosis of this genetic condition

Top-Down and Bottom-Up Control in the Galápagos Upwelling System

Increased standing macroalgal biomass in upwelling zones is generally assumed to be the result of higher nutrient flux due to upwelled waters. However, other factors can strongly impact macroalgal communities. For example, herbivory and temperature, via their effects on primary producers and the metabolic demands of consumers, can also influence macroalgal biomass and productivity, respectively. We assessed the effects of nutrient availability, temperature, and herbivory on macroalgal biomass on a subtidal nearshore rocky reef in the Galápagos Islands. We manipulated nutrient availability and herbivory in field experiments performed in two seasons: the first during a cool, upwelling season, and the second during a warm, non-upwelling season. Excluding macro-herbivores had a clear effect on standing macroalgal biomass, independent of season or nutrient availability. However, we found different interactive effects of nutrients and macro-herbivores between the two seasons. During the cool season, macroalgal biomass was significantly higher in herbivore exclusions than in open areas under ambient nutrient conditions. However, when nutrients were added, macroalgal biomass was not significantly different across all herbivore treatments, which suggests reduced top-down control of herbivores (hence a greater standing algal biomass) in open areas. In the warm season, macroalgal biomass was significantly higher in herbivore exclusions compared to open treatments, both with and without nutrient addition. Furthermore, biomass reached 2X in herbivore exclusions with nutrient additions, which hints nutrient limitation only during warm, low-upwelling conditions. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that macro-herbivores reduce macroalgal biomass in this system and suggest that nutrient availability, but not temperature, modulate herbivory

Estándares de Diseño de Proyectos de Clima, Comunidad y Biodiversidad (Primera Edición)

Estos estándares de Clima, Comunidad y Biodiversidad para el diseño de proyectos (" estándares CCB " por sus siglas en inglés) identifican proyectos basados en uso de tierra que pueden ofrecer beneficios convincentes de clima, biodiversidad y comunidad. Los estándares CCB han sido diseñados principalmente para proyectos de mitigación de cambio climático. Los estándares fueron diseñados por la Alianza de Clima, Comunidad y Biodiversidad (CCBA por sus siglas en inglés). La CCBA es una asociación global de instituciones de investigación, corporaciones y grupos ambientales, con la misión de desarrollar y promover estándares voluntarios para proyectos de uso de tierra con múltiples beneficios. Para más información acerca de CCBA, visite www.climate-standards.org o comuníquese con [email protected]. Esta primera edición de los estándares CCB representa la culminación de dos años de investigación y un proceso internacional amplio con múltiples actores relacionados. Grupos comunitarios, ONG's, empresas, académicos, diseñadores de proyectos y otros presentaron comentarios, críticas y sugerencias durante los dos años. Adicionalmente, pruebas de campo en Asia, Africa, Europa y América dieron considerable forma a los estándares. Un equipo de revisores consideró todos los comentarios y pruebas de campo para crear esa primera edición. El equipo de revisión incluye los autores y tres instituciones consejeras: Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), el World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) y el Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H to ZZ to 2l 2nu channel in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

A search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H to ZZ to 2l 2nu decay channel, where l = e or mu, in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is presented. The data were collected at the LHC, with the CMS detector, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 inverse femtobarns. No significant excess is observed above the background expectation, and upper limits are set on the Higgs boson production cross section. The presence of the standard model Higgs boson with a mass in the 270-440 GeV range is excluded at 95% confidence level.Comment: Submitted to JHE